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1 SE, Standard Error #覈暑レ 蠍語企ゼ 5 豸′.
x <- c(76.2, 76.3, 76.1, 76,3, 76.4) se <- sd(x)/sqrt(length(x)) #0.6009252 se #1.643168 2,000覈 覈螻 煙 .
set.seed(1000) x <- rnorm(2000, mean = 70, sd = 10) summary(x)蟆郁骸 > summary(x) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 36.38 63.33 69.89 69.94 76.54 99.19 譴れ姶..
mu <- c() for(i in 1:100){ mu <- c(mean(sample(x, 5)), mu) } se <- sd(mu) / sqrt(5) mean(mu) #69.82971 se #1.935552 [edit]
2 蠏 觜蟲 蟆 覦覯 #
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4 One Sample t-test #2 1覦 2011 襭 蠏 蟆螳 2.1螳 伎. 2012 10覈 覓伎襦 覦 蟆 螳 譟一. 2011螻 2012 るジ螳?
x <- c(3.3, 2.8, 3.0, 2.7, 2.7, 2.0, 1.9, 3.4, 1.4, 1.4) t.test(x, mu=2.1) 蠏 蟆
> shapiro.test(x) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: x W = 0.9085, p-value = 0.2711
> t.test(x, mu=2.1) One Sample t-test data: x t = 1.5454, df = 9, p-value = 0.1567 alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 2.1 95 percent confidence interval: 1.933026 2.986974 sample estimates: mean of x 2.46
> t.test(x) One Sample t-test data: x t = 10.6, df = 9, p-value = 2.269e-06 alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: 1.93 2.99 sample estimates: mean of x 2.46 [edit]
5 Two Sample t-test #
x1 <- c(15,10,13,7,9,8,21,9,14,8) x2 <- c(15,14,12,8,14,7,16,10,15,12) 蠏 蟆 --> x1, x2螳 譴 0.05 蠏覿.
> shapiro.test(x1) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: x1 W = 0.8666, p-value = 0.09131 > shapiro.test(x2) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: x2 W = 0.9125, p-value = 0.2986 覿一 狩螳?
> var.test(x1, x2) F test to compare two variances data: x1 and x2 F = 1.9791, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.3237 alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1 95 percent confidence interval: 0.491579 7.967821 sample estimates: ratio of variances 1.979094
> t.test(x1, x2, var.equal=T) Two Sample t-test data: x1 and x2 t = -0.5331, df = 18, p-value = 0.6005 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: -4.446765 2.646765 sample estimates: mean of x mean of y 11.4 12.3
> t.test(x1, x2, alternative="less", var.equal=T) Two Sample t-test data: x1 and x2 t = -0.5331, df = 18, p-value = 0.3002 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 0 95 percent confidence interval: -Inf 2.027436 sample estimates: mean of x mean of y 11.4 12.3 [edit]
6 Paired t-test #
> t.test(x1, x2, var.equal=T, paired=T) Paired t-test data: x1 and x2 t = -0.9612, df = 9, p-value = 0.3616 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: -3.018069 1.218069 sample estimates: mean of the differences -0.9
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7 覿磯 #
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8 殊覿磯 ##http://code.google.com/p/sonya/source/browse/trunk/r-project/sample/PlantGrowth.csv plantGrowth = read.csv("c:\\data\\PlantGrowth.csv") head(plantGrowth) boxplot(weight ~ group, data=plantGrowth) out <- lm(weight ~ group, data=plantGrowth) summary(out) anova(out) > summary(out) Call: lm(formula = weight ~ group, data = plantGrowth) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -1.0710 -0.4180 -0.0060 0.2627 1.3690 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 5.0320 0.1971 25.527 <2e-16 *** grouptrt1 -0.3710 0.2788 -1.331 0.1944 grouptrt2 0.4940 0.2788 1.772 0.0877 . --- Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1 Residual standard error: 0.6234 on 27 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.2641, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2096 F-statistic: 4.846 on 2 and 27 DF, p-value: 0.01591 > anova(out) Analysis of Variance Table Response: weight Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) group 2 3.7663 1.8832 4.8461 0.01591 * Residuals 27 10.4921 0.3886 --- Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1
par(mfrow=c(2,2)) plot(out) 蠏 -> p-value = 0.4379企襦 蠏覿.
> shapiro.test(resid(out)) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: resid(out) W = 0.9661, p-value = 0.4379 焔一 -> p-value = 0.1714襦 蠏覓願 讌讌. 讀, 焔
#library("lmtest") > bptest(out) studentized Breusch-Pagan test data: out BP = 3.5273, df = 2, p-value = 0.1714 襴曙
> dwtest(out) #library("lmtest") Durbin-Watson test data: out DW = 2.704, p-value = 0.9502 alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
覦覯1: Dunnett -> 蠏 谿願 譟壱 覲伎譴. (control 觜 觜蟲覯)
install.packages("multcomp") library("multcomp") out <- lm(weight ~ group, data=PlantGrowth) dunnett <- glht(out, linfct=mcp(group="Dunnett")) #蠍一 group plantGrowth$group 企. summary(dunnett) plot(dunnett) 95% 襤郁規螳 0 > summary(dunnett) Simultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypotheses Multiple Comparisons of Means: Dunnett Contrasts Fit: lm(formula = weight ~ group, data = PlantGrowth) Linear Hypotheses: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) trt1 - ctrl == 0 -0.3710 0.2788 -1.331 0.323 trt2 - ctrl == 0 0.4940 0.2788 1.772 0.153 (Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method)
install.packages("multcomp") library("multcomp") out <- lm(weight ~ group, data=PlantGrowth) tukey <- glht(out, linfct=mcp(group="Tukey")) #蠍一 group PlantGrowth$group 企. summary(tukey) plot(tukey) > summary(tukey) Simultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypotheses Multiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts Fit: lm(formula = weight ~ group, data = plantGrowth) Linear Hypotheses: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) trt1 - ctrl == 0 -0.3710 0.2788 -1.331 0.391 trt2 - ctrl == 0 0.4940 0.2788 1.772 0.198 trt2 - trt1 == 0 0.8650 0.2788 3.103 0.012 * --- Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1 (Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method)
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9 伎覿磯 ##http://code.google.com/p/sonya/source/browse/trunk/r-project/sample/warpbreaks.csv?r=653 warpbreaks = read.csv("c:\\data\\warpbreaks.csv") 伎壱 覲 wool螻 tension
> levels(warpbreaks$wool) [1] "A" "B" > levels(warpbreaks$tension) [1] "L" "M" "H"
> warpbreaks$tension = factor(warpbreaks$tension, level = c("L", "M", "H")) > levels(warpbreaks$tension) [1] "L" "M" "H" 覿磯
out <- lm(breaks ~ wool*tension, data = warpbreaks) summary(out) > summary(out) Call: lm(formula = breaks ~ wool * tension, data = warpbreaks) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -19.5556 -6.8889 -0.6667 7.1944 25.4444 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 44.556 3.647 12.218 2.43e-16 *** woolB -16.333 5.157 -3.167 0.002677 ** tensionM -20.556 5.157 -3.986 0.000228 *** tensionH -20.000 5.157 -3.878 0.000320 *** woolB:tensionM 21.111 7.294 2.895 0.005698 ** woolB:tensionH 10.556 7.294 1.447 0.154327 --- Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1 Residual standard error: 10.94 on 48 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.3778, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3129 F-statistic: 5.828 on 5 and 48 DF, p-value: 0.0002772
> shapiro.test(resid(out)) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: resid(out) W = 0.9869, p-value = 0.8162 焔一 -> p-value = 0.0006307襦 蠏覓願 蠍郁. 讀, 焔一 . 譬覲 breaks log() sqrt().
#library("lmtest") > bptest(out) studentized Breusch-Pagan test data: out BP = 21.5744, df = 5, p-value = 0.0006307 襴曙
> dwtest(out) Durbin-Watson test data: out DW = 2.2376, p-value = 0.575 alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
> out <- lm(log(breaks) ~ wool*tension, data = warpbreaks) > shapiro.test(resid(out)) Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: resid(out) W = 0.9729, p-value = 0.2583 > bptest(out) studentized Breusch-Pagan test data: out BP = 4.8045, df = 5, p-value = 0.4402 > dwtest(out) Durbin-Watson test data: out DW = 2.06, p-value = 0.3167 alternative hypothesis: true autocorrelation is greater than 0
library("multcomp") out <- lm(log(breaks) ~ wool + tension, data=warpbreaks) tukey1 <- glht(out, linfct=mcp(wool="Tukey")) tukey2 <- glht(out, linfct=mcp(tension="Tukey")) summary(tukey1) summary(tukey2) > summary(tukey1) Simultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypotheses Multiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts Fit: lm(formula = log(breaks) ~ wool + tension, data = warpbreaks) Linear Hypotheses: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) B - A == 0 -0.1522 0.1063 -1.431 0.159 (Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method) > summary(tukey2) Simultaneous Tests for General Linear Hypotheses Multiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts Fit: lm(formula = log(breaks) ~ wool + tension, data = warpbreaks) Linear Hypotheses: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) M - L == 0 -0.2871 0.1302 -2.205 0.08018 . H - L == 0 -0.4893 0.1302 -3.758 0.00133 ** H - M == 0 -0.2022 0.1302 -1.553 0.27550 --- Signif. codes: 0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1 (Adjusted p values reported -- single-step method) [edit]
10 螻給磯(ANCOVA; Analysis of Covariance) #
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蠍一螻 覈 蟆 螳朱 企伎 る蟆 蟆一 伎 . |