1 Vectors and assignment #
覲 覯″郁 1, 2, 3 麹 覦覯 れ螻 螳.
> #覦覯1
> x <- c(1,2,3)
> x
[1] 1 2 3
>
> #覦覯2
> assign("y", c(1,2,3))
> y
[1] 1 2 3
>
> #覦覯3
> c(1,2,3) -> z
> z
[1] 1 2 3
>
> #覯″一 螳 螻 覦覯
> 1/z
[1] 1.0000000 0.5000000 0.3333333
>
> #螳 豪 覲襯 伎 覲
> a <- c(z, 0, z)
> z
[1] 1 2 3
>
2 Vector arithmetic #
覯″一 蠍語願 るゴ覃 讌ъ 讓曙 豌覿 れ . 蟆曙 2*x + y + 1
, x(1,2,3), y(1,2,3,0,1,2,3) ,
- 2 * x => 2, 4, 6
- 2*x + y => 2+1, 4+2, 6+3, 2+0, 4+1, 6+2, 2+3 => 3, 6, 9, 2, 5, 8, 5
- 2*x + y + 1 => 3+1, 6+1, 9+1, 2+1, 5+1, 8+1, 5+1 => 4, 7, 10, 3, 6, 9, 6
. (..襾碁Μ 譽 <;;)
> # 覯″一 蠍語願 るゴ覃 讌ъ 讓曙 豌覿 れ .
> x <- c(1,2,3)
> y <- c(x,0,x)
> v <- 2*x + y + 1
Warning message:
In 2 * x + y :
longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
> v
[1] 4 7 10 3 6 9 6
>
れ螻 螳 一磯 . sum() 企. x {1,2,3}企襦 sum(x) 襴願 1+2+3 蟆郁骸 6企. length() count. x {1,2,3}企襦 length(x) 襴願 3企. mean() 蠏企. 蠏碁覩襦 x [1,2,3}企襦 mean(x) 襴願 2企.
> sum((x-mean(x))^2)/(length(x)-1)
[1] 1
> sum(x)
[1] 6
> length(x)
[1] 3
> mean(x)
[1] 2
>
覲旧 蟆曙磯 れ螻 螳 豌襴 .
> sqrt(-17)
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In sqrt(-17) : NANs螳 焔給
蠏碁覩襦 れ螻 螳 豌襴.
> sqrt(-17+0i)
[1] 0+4.123106i
3 Generating regular sequences #
Sequence襯 襷 覦覯 れ螻 螳.
> #覦覯1: 豐 Seqeunce
> 1:10 -> seq10
> seq10
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>
> #覦覯2: seed 譯手鍵
> seq(1, 10, by=2) ->seq10
> seq10
[1] 1 3 5 7 9
>
> #覦覯3: 企蟆 企 .
> seq10 <- seq(length=5, from=1, by=2)
> seq10
[1] 1 3 5 7 9
>
> #覦覯4: Seqeunce 覦覲
> x <- 1:3
> s <- rep(x, times=5)
> s
[1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
>
> #覦覯5: 螳螳 覦覲牛 .
> s <- rep(x, each=5)
> s
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
4 Logical vector #
Logical vectors are generated by conditions.
> x <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
> x > 3
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
>
> x <- c(1,1,0)
> y <- c(0,1,1)
> x & y
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
> x | y
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
>
5 Missing values #
"Not available"企 詞朱 'NA'朱 れるゼ . is.na(x) x螳れ NA企 TRUE 覃 FALSE襯 襴危 . 碁語襦(;)朱 覓語レ 郁屋伎 . 讀, 碁語襦(;) 覓語レ 碁. (C語 螳 詞企手 覲企 .) 覓語レ 豌襴 殊曙 るジ讓曙企. '
NaN' "Not a Number" 曙襦 'NA' 襷谿螳讌襦 れ.
> z <- c(1:3, NA)
> ind <- is.na(z)
> z;ind
[1] 1 2 3 NA
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> z <- c(1:3, NA); ind <- is.na(z)
> z;ind
[1] 1 2 3 NA
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
>
> Inf - Inf
[1] NaN
> 0/0
[1] NaN
6 Character vector #
Character vector 一危(") 一危(')襯 碁. 讌襷 一危 一危襦 襴壱碁. 襯 れ, "x-values", 'New iteration results" Character vector.
> name <- c("lee", "jae", "hak");
> name
[1] "lee" "jae" "hak"
> name <- c('lee', 'jae', 'hak');
> name
[1] "lee" "jae" "hak"
>
Escape Character覓語 Cろ殊企. '\'覓語襯 .
Quotes 襯 豺覃 襷 れ螻 螳 伎 覲 . 谿瑚襦 一危(") \"襦 . (\) 蟆曙磯 \\襦 \\襦 襴壱 .
\n newline
\r carriage return
\t tab
\b backspace
\a alert (bell)
\f form feed
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash \
\nnn character with given octal code (1, 2 or 3 digits)
\xnn character with given hex code (1 or 2 hex digits)
\unnnn Unicode character with given code (14 hex digits)
\Unnnnnnnn Unicode character with given code (18 hex digits)
覓語 一一 paste()襯 覃 .
> x <- c("x", "y")
> paste(x, 1:10, sep="")
[1] "x1" "y2" "x3" "y4" "x5" "y6" "x7" "y8" "x9" "y10"
>
> paste("proc", "ess", sep="/")
[1] "proc/ess"
> paste("proc", "ess", sep="")
[1] "process"
>
7 Index vector; selecting and modifying subsets of a data set #
Index vector れ螻 螳 4螳讌襦 .
- A logical vector
- A vector of positive integral quantities
- A vector of negative integral quantities
- A vector of character strings
A logical vector
> x <- c(1,2,NA)
> y <- x[!is.na(x)] #NA螳 蟆れ y 麹企.
> y
[1] 1 2
> x <- c(0,1,NA)
> x[1]
[1] 0
> x[2]
[1] 1
> x[3]
[1] NA
> (x+1)[(!is.na(x)) & x>0] -> z #NA螳 螻 0覲企 蟆れ 伎 蠍 1 企.
> z
[1] 2
>
A vector of positive integral quantities
> x <- rep(c(1,2,2,1), times=4) #1,2,2,1 4覯 覦覲牛 vector襯 x 麹企.
> x
[1] 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
> c("x", "y")[x]
[1] "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x"
>
> y <- c("x", "y")
> x <- c(1, 2, 3)
> y[x] #y 1覯, 2覯讌, 3覯讌 螳 豢ロ.
[1] "x" "y" NA
> y <- c("x", "y", "z")
> y[x]
[1] "x" "y" "z"
> y[x & (x > 1)]
[1] "y" "z"
>
A vector of negative integral quantities
> x <- c(1:10)
> x[1]
[1] 1
> x[9]
[1] 9
> x[-(1:5)]
[1] 6 7 8 9 10
>
A vector of character strings
> fruit <- c(5, 10, 1, 20)
> names(fruit) <- c("orange", "banana", "apple", "peach")
> names
function (x) .Primitive("names")
> names(fruit)
[1] "orange" "banana" "apple" "peach"
> lunch <- fruit[c("apple", "orange")]
> lunch
apple orange
1 5
> #願碓朱 覲企 ? numeric indices襯 蠍一牛朱..
> #"orange" "banana" "apple" "peach" fruit 螳れ {5, 10, 1, 20}襯 覲 企企. names attribute..
企一 蟆る .
> x <- c(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, NA)
> x[is.na(x)] <- 0
> x
[1] -2 -1 0 1 2 0
> x[6] <- NA
> x
[1] -2 -1 0 1 2 NA
> x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0]
危 x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0] :
豌 豌覿 覿襯企 螳 NAs 讌 給
> x[6] <- 0
> -x[x < 0]
[1] 2 1
> x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0]
> x
[1] 2 1 0 1 2 0
>